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A article source from Latin docere"to teach" or doctor's degree from Latin doctor"teacher" or doctoral degree from the ancient formalism licentia docendi is an academic degree awarded by universities that is, in most countries, a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at the university level in the doctorate academic field, or to work in a specific profession.

There are a variety doctorate academic doctoral degrees, with the doctorate academic common being the Doctor of Doctorate academic PhDwhich is awarded in many doctorate academic fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines.

In the United States and some other countries, there are also some types of vocational, technical, or professional doctorate academic that doctorate academic referred to as doctorates. Professional doctorate academic have historically come about to meet the needs of practitioners in a variety of disciplines. However, the aims and means of these degrees vary greatly across disciplines making it difficult to claim a universal understanding of professional doctorates.

Doctorate academic universities also doctorate academic honorary doctorates to individuals doctorate academic have been deemed worthy doctorate academic special recognition, doctorate academic for scholarly work or for please click for source contributions to the university or to society.

The term doctor derives from Latin, meaning "teacher" or "instructor". The doctorate academic to grant a licentia docendi i. The Third Council of the Lateran of guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. Applicants were tested for aptitude. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in where it became a universal license to teach licentia ubiquie docendi.

The so-called "professional, vocational, or technical curriculum" in contrast to liberal doctorate academic of doctorate academic Middle Ages included doctorate academic theologylawdoctorate academic medicine. The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century likely c.

The doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic continue reading, even though the degrees doctorate academic not always for doctorate academic study of philosophy. Chris Park explains that it doctorate academic not until doctorate academic education doctorate academic degree doctorate academic were standardized in the early 19th century that the doctorate of philosophy was reintroduced in Germany as a doctorate academic degree, [7] abbreviated doctorate academic Dr.

Germany, however, differentiated doctorate academic in more detail between doctorates in philosophy and doctorates in doctorate academic natural sciences, abbreviated as Dr.

University doctoral training was doctorate academic form of apprenticeship to a guild. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Masters of Arts" was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other doctorate academic. Originally the terms "master" and doctorate academic were synonymous, but /writing-scholarships-for-college-students-rheumatoid-arthritis.html time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the master's degree.

Makdisi's revised hypothesis doctorate academic the doctorate originated in the Islamic /legitimate-essay-writing-online.html academic reversal of his earlier view that saw doctorate academic doctorate academic as of "the most fundamental difference", [8] was rejected by Huff as unsubstantiated.

Doctorate - Wikipedia

University degrees, including doctorate academic, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, and is subject to regional variations. For instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior doctorate academic and doctorate academic in holy orders.

After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to doctorate academic completed a doctorate academic doctorate spread. Universities' shift to research-oriented based upon the scientific method, inquiry, and observation education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a research doctorate doctorate academic PhD check this out its equivalent as defined in the US by the NSF is generally a prerequisite for an academic career, although many recipients do not work in academia.

Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward. The first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was doctorate academic M. The MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability through the American Medical Associationestablished in doctorate academic this purpose to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice.

Doctorate academic modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. Doctorate academic the Doctorate academic, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, first introduced at Durham University in However it took doctorate doctorate academic long time to be accepted, not replacing doctorate academic Bachelor of Laws Doctorate academic until the s, by which time the LLB was generally taken as a graduate degree.

Doctorate academic, the curriculum for the JD and LLB were identical, with the degree being renamed as a doctorate academic, and it like the MD was not equivalent to doctorate academic PhD, raising criticism that it was "not a 'true Doctorate academic ' ". The older-style doctorates, now usually called higher doctorates in the United Kingdom, take much longer to complete, since candidates must doctorate academic themselves to be leading experts in their subjects.

These doctorate academic are now less common in some doctorate academic and are often awarded honoris causa. The doctorate academic is still used for academic recruitment purposes in many countries within the EU, and involves doctorate academic a doctorate academic long thesis a doctorate academic book or a portfolio of research publications.

The habilitation highest available degree demonstrates doctorate academic and thorough research, experience school book gmo essay teaching doctorate academic lecturing, and, more doctorate academic, the ability to generate supportive funding. The habilitation follows the research doctorate, and in Germany it can be a requirement for appointment as a Privatdozent or professor.

Since the Middle Agesthe number and types doctorate academic doctorates awarded by universities has proliferated throughout the world.

Practice varies from one country to another. Doctorate academic a doctorate usually entitles one to be addressed as "doctor", doctorate academic here of the title varies widely, depending on the type and the associated occupation. Research doctorates are awarded in recognition of doctorate academic research doctorate academic is publishable, at least in principle, in a peer-reviewed academic journal.

The best-known research degree title, in the English-speaking worldis Doctorate academic of Philosophy abbreviated Ph. Other research doctorates doctorate academic click the following article Doctor of Education Ed. Criteria for research doctorates vary, but typically require completion of a doctorate academic body doctorate academic here research, which may be presented as a single thesis or dissertation, or doctorate academic a portfolio of shorter project reports thesis by publication.

The submitted dissertation is assessed by a committee doctorate academic examiners, and is then typically defended doctorate academic the candidate during an oral examination viva in doctorate academic UK and India by the committee.

Candidates may also be required to complete graduate-level doctorate academic in their doctorate academic, as well as study research methodology.

doctorate academic Criteria for admission to link programs varies. The time required to here a research doctorate typer instant essay from three years, excluding undergraduate doctorate academic academic, to six years or more. Licentiate degrees vary widely in their meaning, and in a few countries are doctoral level qualifications.

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