Apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease affecting one million people worldwide, with a significant burden of psychiatric comorbidity. Depression is the commonest psychiatric manifestation but still remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated. The present work reviews current knowledge on diagnosis, assessment, and somatic and study multiple treatment interventions for depression in more info and pediatric populations apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal patients with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, affecting any part of the CNS, but mostly white matter tracts in the cerebral hemispheres, optic nerves, brainstem, cerebellum, sclerosis journal spinal cord [ 1 ].

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

Psychiatric symptoms sclerosis journal the context of MS were first noted by Charcot, who described mania, hallucinations, and depression among case study multiple href="/berkeley-phd-dissertation.html">here manifestations of the disease apa style 5 ]. Evidently, prevalence is considerably higher than in the general population or among patients with general medical conditions other than MS [ 8 ].

Disease-modifying agents, interferon beta in particular, have also been suspected to induce depressive symptomatology [ 1415 ]. However, subsequent well-designed studies failed to prove a depressogenic effect, and pretreatment depressed mood was found to be the best predictor of subsequent depression [ 1617 ].

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders - Journal - Elsevier

The importance of this clinical issue cannot be underestimated, given its high frequency, the possible adverse effects of depression on disease course [ 18 ], cognitive functioning [ 19 ], treatment adherence [ 20 phd thesis on financial inclusion in indian, deleterious consequences on quality of life [ sclerosis journal ], and increased risk of suicide [ 2223 do my essay for me help. In a cross-sectional apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal study of patients with MS by Cetin et al.

In another study by Mohr et al.

Given the fact that depression is a treatable condition, correct diagnosis and adequate treatment are issues of immense importance for the management of multiple sclerosis journal patients. The present paper is focused on current knowledge on diagnosis, assessment, and therapeutic interventions for depression in the context of multiple sclerosis. Although the symptom of depressive mood is almost always experienced by patients suffering from disabling diseases, the syndrome of major depression, as defined by the classification systems of ICD [ 28 ] and DSM-IV-TR [ 29 ], corresponds to a constellation of symptoms comprising depressive mood, anhedonia, fatigue, psychomotor retardation or restlessness, suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, read article of guilt and worthlessness, and difficulty in concentrating, as well as vegetative symptoms, including altered sleep, appetite, and sexual arousal [ 30 ].

A common challenge for correctly diagnosing depression in the context of multiple sclerosis is distinguishing whether a certain symptom emanates from sclerosis journal depressive disorder or can be attributed to the demyelinating disease.

Potential confounders are fatigue, insomnia, altered apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal, and impaired memory and concentration, and misjudgments will lead to false positives or false negatives. Varied presentations of depression, apa style example, unexplained somatic complaints, anxiety, case study multiple hopelessness instead of sadness, could also complicate diagnosis, especially in older persons [ 31 ].

Patients with MS might exhibit pathological laughter or crying occurring with bilateral forebrain disease, which poorly correlates apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal underlying mood [ 1 ]. On the other hand, depression adversely affects appraisal of physical symptoms [ 3233 ]. A way of disentangling the differential diagnosis in such cases is by paying attention to the cognitive and affective domains of the depressive apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal, for example, the depressive mood and depressive beliefs, which is also an approach adopted by assessment tools and rating scales for depression in apa style case presence of a physical illness and multiple sclerosis in particular [ 12 ].

Sclerosis journal least one affirmative response on either question was used as a criterion of having MDD. This approach was shown to have read article positive predictive value of However, two thirds of false positives were shown to have subthreshold depression, which again should alert the clinician for the need of treatment [ 35 ].

Using the Yale single question [ 36 apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal is even less time sclerosis journal, but this tool seems to lack sensitivity, as it could not identify On the other hand, it appears to be quite specific, that is, depression sclerosis journal be ruled out when it does not exist [ 37 ].

The Beck Depression Inventory [ 38 ] is an objective self-report assessment tool comprising 21 items, apa style case study multiple sclerosis journal one of the most commonly used for patients with multiple sclerosis. Concerns regarding the sclerosis journal of the instrument as well as the inclusion of items corresponding to neurovegetative symptoms, which might lead to overdiagnosis, have led to the implementation of shorter forms, such as the 7-item Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen BDI-FS [ 39 ].

Validity of the instrument has been documented sclerosis journal the population of patients with multiple sclerosis sclerosis journal 40 ].

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